General University Policies

Contents

Amorous Relationships Involving Students & University Employees

Members of the University community, whether faculty members or administrative staff, put academic and professional trust and ethics at risk when they engage in amorous romantic/sexual relationships with people whose academic and/or professional benefits and opportunities are, or appear to be, subject to their authority, supervision, or influence.

Accordingly, the University prohibits such relationships, as well as any attempt to initiate or engage in such relationships. Any faculty member or administrator who engages in, or attempts to engage in, an amorous relationship with a student or subordinate shall report any such relationship or attempt to the EEO Officer.

Sexual harassment of an employee or student will lead to disciplinary action. In the case of employees, such discipline may include termination. In the case of students, such discipline may include expulsion.

Sexual harassment should be reported to the Office of Equal Opportunity at 303-556-4746. Sexual assaults should be reported to the Auraria Campus Police at 303-556-5000. See the Handbook for Professional Personnel for written policies addressing these issues in greater detail.

Children in Classrooms and Workplaces Policy

Metropolitan State University of Denver has an obligation to its students, faculty, staff, and visitors to conduct its operations and maintain its facilities in a manner consistent with its mission as an institution of higher education. For reasons that include safety of children, and assuring professional and efficient performance of academic pursuits and campus operations, the University cannot routinely accommodate children in campus workplaces or classrooms.

Presence in classrooms is restricted to enrolled students or visitors with a legitimate purpose, who may be adults or minors. Instructors of record are responsible for ensuring that individuals who attend their classes are properly enrolled or have been invited for the purpose of making special announcements, guest lecturing, or other authorized reasons. Instructors have the responsibility to ensure that the classroom is conducive to student learning and may address disruptive or distracting situations as appropriate.

Instructors have the discretion to make infrequent exceptions due to temporary, unforeseen emergencies. In these cases, children must remain in the classroom and are not allowed to sit in the hallway or be unsupervised in any location on campus. Regular repeated visits by children or others without a legitimate purpose are not permitted. Unless properly supervised, and with pre-approval, children are not permitted in labs, shops, construction/repair sites, or other areas where potential hazards exist. Children brought on campus must be directly supervised at all times by their parent or guardian. Leaving children unattended is a violation of the MSU Denver Student Code of Conduct.

Definitions

  1. Children: Minors under the age of 18.
  2. Minors Enrolled as Students: Enrolled students under the age of 18 have the rights and privileges of any other student in the classroom and on campus grounds.

Computing Accounts Policy for Responsible Use of
Information Technology Resources

The same rules and laws that apply in physical space also apply in cyberspace. Standards of academic freedom and professional conduct for employees and the rights and responsibilities of students govern conduct online as much as they do in the hallways, offices and classrooms. Unauthorized access to and sharing of confidential student information (including computer passwords) or certain electronic confidential employment records violates state and federal law. Illegal activity such as copyright infringement, patent infringement, fraud, forgery, distribution of child pornography and forms of criminal harassment, including bomb threats and hoaxes, is just as criminal online as elsewhere. Moreover, some special laws apply to the electronic environment, including state and federal computer security laws prohibiting interference with University operations. Downloading material that violates the University’s legal obligations and contractual commitments (e.g., software and recording piracy) will not be tolerated. Finally, actions that adversely affect MSU Denver IT resources or the ability of others to use them are prohibited. For example, email, spamming or releasing a damaging program (such as a virus) could result in cessation of the offender’s access to IT resources in addition to other penalties, such as University disciplinary action, up to and including expulsion from the University.

Within the above restrictions, students may use MSU Denver’s IT resources for incidental, non-commercial personal communication so long as such use clearly and specifically communicates to the viewer that the individual is speaking in a personal capacity and not for the University. However, users should be aware that although MSU Denver will not routinely monitor communications or search individual computer files, individual privacy cannot be guaranteed with respect to personal communication and related records. Most computer data and documents created, used or maintained by MSU Denver employees are not confidential, and must be disclosed to the public on request under the Colorado Open Records Act. In addition, MSU Denver cannot prevent individuals from monitoring unencrypted email sent through outside servers.

MSU Denver IT staff members are authorized and able electronically to access programs, data and files stored on University equipment as may be necessary to perform their duties. Except in emergencies, they will notify users and specify a time before accessing desktop computers and files. Any objections to IT staff access should be addressed in writing to the department chair or director-level supervisor and to an IT administrator at the director level. IT staff in the course of their duties may find evidence of illegal or unauthorized activity. If they do, their responsibility is to report such evidence in writing to their director. Authorization may be granted for a full search of computer programs and data. In that event, the user will be notified.

Discrimination Matters

Federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in the private sector, in state and local government, in public accommodations and services, including transportation provided by public and private entities. Students with a disability who are qualified to pursue an academic program should contact the ACCESS Center for Disability Accommodations & Adaptive Technology at 303-556-8387.

MSU Denver complies with all federal laws, executive orders and regulations regarding affirmative action and equal opportunity, as well as all civil rights laws of the state of Colorado. MSU Denver, therefore, employs every means to eliminate discrimination on the basis of race, color, disability, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation or preference, gender identity and expression, age or status, such as Vietnam-era or disabled veteran, in all matters of education and employment opportunity provided by the University.

The responsibility for ensuring that discrimination does not occur rests with all members of the University community. Allegations of discrimination should be reported to the Office of Equal Opportunity at 303-556-4746, SSB 440. Corrective actions or sanctions shall be applied accordingly. For more information go to www.msudenver.edu/policies.

Equal Opportunity and Americans with Disabilities Act

MSU Denver is an equal opportunity employer; applications from minorities and women are particularly invited. MSU Denver does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, creed, national origin, sex, age, sexual orientation, gender identity and expressions or disability in admissions or access to, or treatment or employment in, its educational programs or activities. Inquiries concerning the University grievance procedures may be directed to the designated MSU Denver officials. Inquiries concerning Title VI and Title IX may be referred to Dr. Percy Morehouse Jr., MSU Denver Office of Equal Opportunity, Campus Box 63, P.O. Box 173362, Denver, CO 80217–3362; 303-556-4746.

Inquiries concerning the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) or 504 may be referred to Lloyd Moore, Faculty and Staff ADA Coordinator, MSU Denver, Campus Box 47, P.O. Box 173362, Denver, CO 80217–3362, 303-556-5020; Student ADA Coordinator, 303-556-2761; Mr. Greg Sullivan, Access Center, MSU Denver, Campus Box 56, P.O. Box 173361, Denver, CO 80217–3361; 303-556-8387. Otherwise, all inquiries may be referred to the Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education, 1244 Speer Blvd., Denver, CO 80204; 303-844-3723.

Electronic Communication Policy

Electronic communication (i.e., email and personal portal announcements) is a rapid, efficient and cost-effective form of communication. Consequently, reliance on electronic communication is expanding among students, faculty, staff and administration at MSU Denver. Because of this increasing reliance and acceptance of electronic communication, forms of electronic communication have become in fact the means of official communication to students, faculty and staff within MSU Denver. This policy acknowledges this fact and formally makes electronic communication an official means of communication for the University.

Implementation of this policy ensures that all students, faculty and staff, both full-time and part-time, will have access to these critical forms of communication. All current students, faculty and staff have an account within the campus portal, providing access to email and official announcements.

  1. University use of electronic communication: Email and personal portal announcements are an official means of communication to students, faculty and staff within MSU Denver. Therefore, the University has the right to send communications to students, faculty and staff via email and personal portal announcements, and the right to expect that those communications will be received and read in a timely fashion.
  2. Assignment of portal accounts, which includes email addresses: Every current student, faculty and staff member is automatically provided with a portal account that includes an assigned email address. The email address assigned to each student, faculty and staff member, as recorded in the Banner System, will be the official email address of record for communications with students, faculty and staff. Students, faculty and staff will be deemed to have read emails sent to that address. Constituents are also responsible for reading any official announcements delivered through the personal announcements channel on each user’s portal home page.
  3. Expectations regarding use of portal announcements and email: Students, faculty and staff are expected to check personal portal announcements and their official MSU Denver email address inbox on a frequent and consistent basis in order to stay current with University communications. Students, faculty and staff have the responsibility to recognize that certain communications may be time-critical.
  4. Educational uses of portal services and email: Faculty members will determine how portal services and email will be used in their classes. It is highly recommended that if faculty members have email requirements and expectations, they specify these requirements in their course syllabus.
  5. Appropriate use of portal services, including email:
    a.   All MSU Denver constituents are expected to adhere to the University’s Responsible Use of Information Technology Resources Policy. See page 61 of the IT Policy Manual at www.msudenver.edu/technology/policies.
    b.   All use of email, including use for sensitive or confidential information, will be consistent with the MSU Denver Administrative Policy Manual on Use of Electronic Email. See page 41 of the IT Policy Manual at www.msudenver.edu/technology/policies.
    c.   Emails pertaining to identified students are records protected under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA). Employees have a responsibility to ensure that they are sent only to the subject student, or to university employees who need to see the email to do their jobs, in the absence of the student’s written permission to disclose the information to others.
    d.   Whenever the law or University procedure requires a different form of communication, that form will be used even though an email may also be sent. For example, formal notices in hard copy may be required under procedures relating to personnel actions, such as reduction in force, dismissal, discipline or correction.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Metropolitan State University of Denver maintains educational records for each student who has enrolled at the University. A copy of the University’s policy on student educational records may be obtained from the Office of the Registrar, Student Success Building, Suite 160. Under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), 20 USC 1232g., and the implementing regulations published at 34 CFR part 99, each eligible student has the right to:

  1. Inspect and review his/her education records.
  2. Request the amendment of the student’s education records to ensure that they are not inaccurate, misleading or otherwise in violation of the student’s privacy or other rights.
  3. Consent to disclosure of personally identifiable information contained in the student’s educational records, except to the extent that FERPA authorizes disclosure without consent (see Nondisclosure and Exceptions).
  4. File a complaint under 34 CFR 99.64, concerning alleged failures by the University to comply with the requirement of FERPA, with the Family Compliance Office, U.S. Department of Education, 400 Maryland Ave., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20202-4605.

Procedure for Inspecting and Reviewing Educational Records

Students may inspect and review their educational records upon a written request submitted to the Registrar, Student Success Building, Suite 160, or by mail to Campus Box 84, P.O. Box 173362, Denver, CO 80217-3362.

  1. The request shall identify as precisely as possible the record or records the student wishes to inspect.
  2. The record custodian or an appropriate staff person shall make the arrangements for access as promptly as possible and notify the student of the time and place where the records may be inspected. Access must be given within 45 days from the receipt of the request.
  3. When a record contains information about more than one student, the student may inspect and review only the records that relate to that student.

Procedure for Amending Educational Records

A student may make a written request to amend a record.

  1. In the request, the student should identify the part of the record to be changed and specify why the student believes it is inaccurate, misleading or in violation of the student’s privacy or other rights.
  2. Metropolitan State University of Denver shall comply with the request or notify the student that the University will not comply with the request and advise the student of the student’s right to a hearing to challenge the information believed to be inaccurate, misleading or in violation of the student’s rights.
  3. Upon written request, Metropolitan State University of Denver will arrange for a hearing, and notify the student, reasonably in advance of the date, place and time of the hearing.
  4. The hearing will be conducted by a hearing officer who is a disinterested party but who may be an official of the institution. The student shall be afforded a full and fair opportunity to present evidence relevant to the issues raised in the original request to amend the student’s educational records. The student may be assisted by one or more individuals, including an attorney.
  5. Metropolitan State University of Denver will prepare a written decision based solely on the evidence presented at the hearing. The decision will include a summary of the evidence presented and the reasons for the decision.
  6. If Metropolitan State University of Denver decides that the challenged information is not inaccurate, misleading, or in violation of the student’s right of privacy or other right, it will notify the student that the student has a right to place in the record a statement commenting on the challenged information and/or a statement setting forth reasons for disagreeing with the decision.
  7. The statement will be maintained as part of the student’s educational records as long as the contested portion is maintained. If Metropolitan State University of Denver decides that the information is inaccurate, misleading, or in violation of the student’s rights, it will amend the record and notify the student, in writing, that the record has been amended.

Nondisclosure and Exceptions

Pursuant to FERPA, the University will not disclose a student’s educational records without the written consent of the student except:

  • To the University officials with legitimate educational interests.
  • To officials at other institutions in which the student seeks to enroll.
  • In connection with providing financial aid to the student.
  • To accrediting agencies in carrying out their functions.
  • To authorized representatives in connection with an audit or evaluation of Federal or State supported education programs, or the enforcement of or compliance with Federal legal requirements that relate to those programs.
  • To consultants conducting studies on behalf of the University.
  • In compliance with a judicial order of subpoena.
  • To other outside providers who may be subject to contractual obligation to maintain confidentiality of student information (e.g., Auraria Higher Education Center, National Student Clearinghouse, or legal and debt-collection services).
  • It may release educational records to parents of dependent children in accordance with IRS code of 1986.
  • In connection with a health or safety emergency involving the student.

The University may release directory information without the prior written consent of the student unless an enrolled student has notified the University’s Office of the Registrar in writing that any or all types of directory information shall not be disclosed without the consent of the student. A request for nondisclosure will remain in effect until the student cancels the request for nondisclosure.

A school official is a person employed by the University in an administrative, supervisory, academic or research, or support staff position; or a person elected to the Board of Trustees; or a person employed by or under contract to the University to perform a special task, such as attorney, auditor or consultant; or a student or other person serving on an official University committee or assisting a school official in performing the official’s professional duties and responsibilities. A legitimate educational interest is the need of a school official to review educational records in order to fulfill that official’s professional duties and responsibilities.

MSU Denver email address is limited to use for faculty, staff and students. Email addresses will not be provided to third parties outside of the institution.

Other than directory information, which may be released to the general public, the University will not release educational records without a student’s written consent, signed and dated by the student.

Directory Information

Metropolitan State University of Denver has designated the following categories of personally identifiable information on students as directory information under section 438 (a)(5)(B) of FERPA:

  • Name, address and telephone number
  • Student classification
  • Major and minor fields of study
  • Participation in officially recognized activities and sports
  • Weight and height of members of athletic teams
  • Dates of attendance at the University
  • Degrees and awards received
  • Last educational institution attended

Freedom of Speech

Students shall have the right to assemble, to select speakers and guests, and to discuss issues of their choice. An invitation to a speaker shall not imply endorsement of the speaker’s views by either the student organization or the University.

Information about student views, beliefs and political associations shall not be used to the detriment of students and their institutional standing.

The right of peaceful protest is granted within the University community. The University retains the right to ensure the safety of individuals, the protection of property and the continuity of the educational process. The student press shall be free of censorship and shall provide editorial freedom. The editors and managers shall not be arbitrarily suspended because of student, faculty, administration, alumni or community disapproval of editorial policy or content.

All student communications shall explicitly state on the editorial page or in broadcast that the opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the University and/or members of the University.

Health Insurance Requirement

All students, undergraduate and graduate, taking nine credit hours or more in any given semester of attendance are required to either participate in the university-offered health insurance program or submit proof of having outside health insurance that meets the University’s compliance standards by submitting an electronic waiver compliance form by the waiver deadline for the current semester. Proof of outside health insurance must be submitted each semester a student is taking nine credit hours or more.

The University health insurance plan offered each fall semester provides coverage for five months and the spring semester plan provides coverage for seven months. Premium rates for Fall and Spring semesters vary according to the number of months included in each of the coverage periods.

Upon registering for courses, students taking nine or more credit hours will automatically be billed for the Student Health Insurance on their tuition bill and will automatically receive an email to their University email account that informs them of this charge. Students will automatically be enrolled in the University-offered health insurance plan unless they submit an electronic waiver compliance form by the waiver deadline that documents that they have outside health insurance that meets the published compliance standards.

All submitted outside health insurance information will be audited to ensure that the compliance standards are met. Students whose waivers are approved will then have the insurance charge removed from their tuition bill. Waivers will not be granted if the submitted outside insurance does not meet the compliance standards. In addition, waivers will not be granted for any waivers submitted after the waiver compliance deadline for the current semester.

Note that students who initially register for nine or more credit hours, but subsequently drop below nine credit hours before the waiver compliance deadline, will automatically have the insurance charge removed from their tuition bill and will not be covered by the University-offered health insurance for the current semester.

For additional details of this requirement, including the University’s Outside Health Insurance Compliance Standards, visit Student Insurance.

The Student Health Insurance office is located in the Plaza Building, Suite 149, and can be reached by calling 303-556-2525, Monday–Friday, during regular business hours.

Immunization Requirements

All MSU Denver students are required to submit proof of MMR immunization, the Auraria Campus Immunization Form, the Meningococcal Disease Information Form and the Tuberculosis Risk Assessment. The last day to file immunization documents for students whose first semester of attendance is either summer or fall semester is Oct. 1. For first-time students beginning in the spring semester, the last day to file immunization documents is March 1. To access the mandatory immunization policy and required forms, visit Immunization. The Auraria Immunization office is located in the Plaza Building, Suite 149, or you may call 303-556-2525 for more information.

Sexual Harassment

The University prohibits any person, including employees, invitees and students, from making unwelcome sexual advances, or requests for sexual favors, or any other unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature where such advances, requests or conduct have the purpose or effect of: unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work or academic performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive work or educational environment; or when it is obvious or implied that submission to such conduct is a condition of an individual’s employment or academic evaluation or will be used for the basis of any employment or academic decision (all such conduct is described in this policy as “Sexual Harassment”).

The University does not tolerate sexual harassment in any form. No employee, invitee or student should be subjected to unsolicited and unwelcome sexual overtures or behavior. No employee, invitee or student should be led to believe that any employment or academic opportunity or benefit will in any way depend on his or her cooperation with sexual demands or submission to an offensive sexual environment.

Sexual harassment should be reported to the Office of Equal Opportunity at 303-556-4746.

Student Complaint Policy

Overview

Metropolitan State University of Denver believes that legitimate complaints from students can be opportunities to improve our services and programs. As part of the University’s commitment to developing responsible citizens and leaders, it encourages all students to take ownership of relationships and interpersonal interactions on campus. This means endeavoring to resolve conflict in a civil and courteous manner as outlined in the policies that govern a variety of student complaints.

The University provides a variety of formal procedures for the resolution of student concerns related to unlawful discrimination, sexual harassment, retaliation, grade disputes, disability accommodations, academic requirements, disputed bills, or a specific complaint about a faculty or staff member.  Each of these issues has a prescriptive policy for its resolution and a link for each can be found online, as well as in the resources section of this policy. 

Complaints about University Faculty and Staff

No student who submits a complaint against an individual faculty or staff member in good faith will suffer any penalty or retaliation for what s/he says. This policy is not designed to apportion blame, to consider the possibility of negligence or to provide compensation. It should be noted that if there is no basis in fact for the complaint and the second or third level of review believes, based on identifiable evidence, that the student’s complaint was made in bad faith, such as to harass or retaliate against the faculty member or employee, the reviewer will confer with the next level supervisor and may refer the matter to the Judicial Officer for investigation.

General Principles

These general principles apply in presenting, hearing, and addressing student complaints under this policy:

  • Confidentiality is important to the candid discussion and effective resolution of disputes, and must be respected by all participants in the process. Maintenance of confidentiality of most student records is required by the U.S. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Colorado Open Records Act. Employees also have a degree of confidentiality protected by law. Only those who need to know of the concern in order to resolve it will be invited into the discussion.
  • Resolution at the lowest administrative level possible is generally the best for all concerned. Such resolutions are the goal of this policy and should be the goal of the participants.
  • Timely and full disclosure of the issue generally results in more effective resolutions so students must initiate this process within 15 working days of the alleged incident.  Other timeframes are addressed within each level described below.
  • Circumvention of the administrative chain of command often makes it less likely that the issue will be promptly and effectively addressed. The student should follow the steps described in this policy except when the student has reason to believe in good faith that individuals are likely to retaliate against the student. The student should wait for an answer from one level of contact, before going to the next higher administrator in the chain of command.  If the student skips a step in the process, the student will be referred to the appropriate level.

At any point, the student may elect not to proceed further with the complaint. If so, no further action will be taken, except that any information concerning unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment must be forwarded to the Office of Equal Opportunity.

Steps in the Process

  1. Contact the faculty or staff member to request a meeting:  The student has 15 working days from the time of the alleged incident to contact the faculty or staff member (faculty or staff member) and request a meeting to discuss the incident.  The faculty or staff member has 5 working days to respond to the request and schedule a meeting at a mutually agreeable time. 
  2. Meet with the faculty or staff member and share concerns: A meeting with the faculty or staff member may result in a satisfactory resolution that should be documented in an email to the student and the next level supervisor. If the issue is not resolved or the student is not satisfied with the resolution offered by the faculty or staff member, the student may meet with the faculty member’s Chair or staff member’s next level supervisor. 
  3. Meet with the Department Chair OR Immediate Supervisor of the faculty or staff member: If the student is not satisfied with the resolution offered or has not received a response in a timely manner, he or she has 5 working days in which to contact the Chair or immediate supervisor.  The faculty member’s Chair or staff member’s immediate supervisor has 5 working days to respond to the request and schedule a meeting at a mutually agreeable time.  The Chair or supervisor may review documents and interview witnesses identified by the student and the faculty or staff member, if such review is warranted in the Chair or supervisor’s discretion.

    After completion of the review, the Chair or immediate supervisor may:
    • Offer to observe or facilitate a discussion between the student and the faculty or staff member;
    • Address the issue with the faculty or staff member within the framework of the University’s Human Resource policies;
    • Request the assistance of other University resources, as deemed necessary, to achieve an appropriate resolution;
    • Refer the student to another department.; and/or
    • Determine that the complaint is unfounded, and take no further action except to document the findings and result and communicate them to the student, the Chair or supervisor, and the faculty or staff member involved in the complaint.
    The action(s) is documented in an email to the student and the respondent’s next level supervisor.

  4. Meet with the Dean’s designee or next level supervisor: If, after working with the Chair or supervisor, a student is still not satisfied with the resolution or has not received a response in a timely manner, the student may submit a complaint form to the Dean of the appropriate school or the appropriate next level supervisor.  The form must be submitted within 5 working days of the action from the previous level.  The Dean or next level supervisor has 5 working days to acknowledge receipt of the form.  The Dean or next level supervisor has 15 working days to initiate and complete a review of the complaint or must contact the student via email if the review will take longer than 15 working days.

    The Dean or next level supervisor may investigate the situation by conferring with the parties involved individually or as a group and examining any other pertinent evidence.

    After completion of the review, the Dean or next level supervisor may:

    • Offer to observe or facilitate a discussion between the student and the faculty or staff member;
    • Address the issue with the faculty or staff member;
    • Request the assistance of other University resources, as deemed necessary, to achieve an appropriate resolution; and/or
    • Determine that the complaint is unfounded, and take no further action except to document the findings and result and communicate them to the student, the Chair or supervisor, and the faculty or staff member involved in the complaint

    The Dean or next level supervisor will render a written decision on the complaint within 15 working days of receiving the complaint form, unless the review takes more time and is documented as above. The Dean or next level supervisor’s written decision on the matter is final and there shall be no appeal process. The written response from the Dean or next level supervisor will be sent via email to the student and submitted to the University’s central complaint repository.  

Policy Review

This policy will be reviewed no later than July 2014, and will be reviewed at least every 5 years thereafter or when deemed necessary by the administrative leadership of the University. 

Student Complaint Flow Chart

Complaints related to facultyComplaints related to staff
Step 1:
  • Student contacts faculty member to request a meeting
↓
Step 1:
  • Student contacts staff member to request a meeting
↓
Step 2:
  • Student meets with faculty member to share concerns
  • If not resolved, proceed to Step 3
↓
Step 2:
  • Student meets with staff member to share concerns
  • If not resolved, proceed to Step 3
↓
Step 3:
  • Student meets with faculty member's Department Chair to share concerns
  • If not resolved, proceed to Step 4
↓
Step 3:
  • Student meets with staff member's immediate supervisor to share concerns
  • If not resolved, proceed to Step 4
↓
Step 4:
  • Student meets with faculty member's Dean (or designee) to share concerns

Resolution is final; no further appeal.
Step 4:
  • Student meets with staff member's next level supervisor to share concerns

Resolution is final; no further appeal.

NOTE: If the student's complaint is against a senior administrator (e.g., a Dean, Associate Vice President or above), then the last level of review is two supervisors above that administrator, or the President, whoever comes first.

 

Resources